LOG#082. Group Theory (II).

Basic definitions of group theory: that is the topic today! We need some background previous to the “group axioms”.

Definition (1). Set is a collection of objects with some properties. Objects in the set are called “elements” or “members” of the set.

Definition (2). Category is some collection of objects linked or related theirselves with “arrows” or “maps”. Example: set is a category formed with sets as objects and functions as arrows. Other categories are, e.g., Top (topological spaces) or Ring (ring structures).

Category theory studies the main mathematical entities and their relationships, and it is a branch of mathematics which seeks to generalize all of mathematics in terms of objects and arrows, independent of what the objects and arrows represent. Virtually every branch of modern mathematics can be described in terms of categories, and doing so often reveals deep insights and similarities between seemingly different areas of mathematics. The nice fact about “group theory” is that there is a complete list of “group-like” structures: magma, semigroup, monoid, group, abelian group, loop, quasigroup, groupoid, category, semicategory, vector space, ring, semi-ring, and many other cool structures.

Definition (3). Function f is every map/relation/application between two sets X (domain) and Y(codomain) which associates each $late x\in X$ with exactly one $y\in Y$ , and it is usally denoted by $f(x)$ . Mathematically speaking:

$f: X\longrightarrow Y$

Defintion (4). Functor F is every morphism/map/application of any category A to another category B.

$f:A\longrightarrow B$

Definition (5). Binary operation. Let $S\neq\emptyset$ be a set. A binary operation $\circ$ is any function taking “pairs” or “couples” of elements from that set into the own set. Mathematically speaking:

$\circ: S\times S\longrightarrow S$

and

$\circ(x,y)=x\circ y,\forall x,y\in S$

Examples of binary operations are the usual operations of addition(+), substraction(-), product(x) and division(/) of real numbers.

Definition (6). Given a set $X\neq \emptyset$ , a binary relation R in X is a subset $R\subset X\times X$ . Usually we write $xRy$ instead of the confusing notation $(x,y)$ .

Definition (7). A binary relation R in $X\neq \emptyset$ is called an equivalence relation if it satisfies the following conditions:

1) Reflexitivity: $xRx,\forall x\in X$ .

2) Symmetry: If $xRy$ then $yRx$ , $\forall x,y\in X$ .

3) Transitivity: If $xRy$ and $yRz$ , then $xRz$ , $\forall x,y,z\in X$ .

This gadget, the equivalence relation, allow us to classify the elements of every set in disjoint classes: the so-called equivalence classes.

Definition (8). Equivalence class. Let $R$ be an equivalence realtion, $a\in A$ is its equivalence class, denoted by $\left[a\right]$ , whenever we define

$\left[a\right]=\left\{b\in A/aRb\right\}$

We are ready for studying the group axioms right now!

Definition (9). Group is a pair $(G,\circ)$ where G is a non empty set ( $G\neq \emptyset$ ) and $\circ$ is an internal, binary operation in G that satisfy 3 simple properties:

1. Associativity: $x\circ(y\circ z)=(x\circ y)\circ z$ , $\forall x,y,z \in G$ .

2. Identity/neutral element ( $e$ ): $\exists e\in G/,$ it satisfies $e\circ x=x\circ e=x$ $\forall x\in G$ .

3. Invertibility/inverse element ( $x'=x^{-1}$ ): $\forall x\in G, \exists x'\in G/x'\circ x=x\circ x'=e$ .

That is all folks! Well, not exactly…There are other complementary concepts we can define:

Definition (10). Abelian group. An abelian group is any group $(G,\circ)$ with satisfy the commutativity property for its binary/product operation. That is, an abelian group satisfy that

$x\circ y=y\circ x$

$\forall x,y \in G$

Otherwise, the group is said to be non-abelian. Groups are generally non-abelian but there are some important abelian groups.

Definition (11). Semigroup. Let $G\neq \emptyset$ be a set, and $\circ: G\times G\longrightarrow G$ a binary operation that satisfies tha associative property. Then the pair $(G,\circ)$ is called a semigroup. That is, a semigroup is an associative binary operation but without the identity or inverse properties that groups have!

Definition (12). Quasigroup. A quasigroup is a pair $(G,\circ)$ such as $G\neq \emptyset$ is a set and the binary operation $\circ: G\times G\longrightarrow G$ satisfies the quasigroup law/property:

$\forall x,y\in G,\exists z,w\in G/x\circ z=y,\;\; w\circ x=y$